Oil&Gas Damage Mechanisms
Corrosion in the oil and gas industry arises from the complex interaction of various corrosive agents, including hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), carbon dioxide (CO₂), chlorides, oxygen, and water within production systems. This chapter provides a detailed analysis of the primary damage mechanisms, categorized into sweet, sour, and oxygen corrosion. Additionally, it will address other critical damage mechanisms, such as microbiologically influenced corrosion and cracking phenomena. Each section will delve into the fundamental principles behind these corrosion mechanisms, along with the mitigation strategies, predictive methodologies, and calculation tools that are essential for effectively managing corrosion risks.
Carbon dioxide corrosion, also known as sweet corrosion, is driven by CO2 and involves the formation of carbonic acid when contact with water. This acid attacks metal surfaces, leading to material degradation over time. Sweet corrosion is commonly found in gas-condensate and oil production systems as well as in produced water handling areas. It poses a serious threat to the integrity of pipelines and production equipment in oil and gas fields, potentially leading to leaks, production shutdowns, environmental damage, and costly repairs. Effective corrosion management strategies such as material selection and the use of inhibition, are essential to maintaining safe and efficient oil and gas operations